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Final Review 1. Periosteum is the tough covering around bones. 2. Tendons attach muscle to bone. 3. Ligaments attach bones together. 4. Compact bone is the hard, strong, and usually outer layer of bones. 5. Spongy bone functions to make bones lightweight, but still strong. 6. Bone marrow makes blood cells. 7. Cartilage covers the ends of bones and provides a smooth, shock absorbing surface. 8. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium that is stored in bones. 9. Ball-and-socket joint can swing in any direction. 10. Pivot joints mainly rotate, like in turning the head or twisting the forearm. 11. Hinge joints swing in one direction, like knees and elbows. 12. Gliding joints have a small range of motion and the bones slide across each other. 13. Immovable joints are found in the skull and pelvis. 14. Melanin is a chemical that gives skin its color and protects from sunlight. 15. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. 16. Smooth muscle is found in digestive organs and blood vessels. 17. Cardiac and smooth muscle are both involuntary. 18. Milk, cheese, and eggs contain all the essential amino acids that are use to make proteins. 19. Starches are complex carbohydrates that are found in grains. 20. Organic nutrients contain the element carbon. (Science definition of organic = contains carbon) 21. The breakdown of intestinal material by bacteria produces gas. (Produces methane gas which is a major green-house gas. Cows are a factor in globe warming.) 22. Beneficial bacteria live in the large intestine (colon) and they make vitamins. 23. The main job of the large intestine is to remove water from digested food. 24. Saturated fats, found in red meat contribute to high cholesterol and heart disease. 25. Starches are broken down by amylase into sugars from which they are composed. 26. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by enzymes such as pepsin. 27. The small intestine contains structures called villi where nutrients move into blood vessels 28. The pancreas puts enzymes and bicarbonates into the first part of the small intestine (Called the duodenum). 29. The liver makes bile that emulsifies fast and oils with water for digestion. Emulsify – combining two things that usually don't mix together well. 30. The gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine. 31. Enzymes are proteins that assist in breaking large molecules into smaller ones. 32. Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that starts breaks down starches into sugars in the mouth. 33. Starches are connected sugar molecules and should be the bodies main source of energy. 34. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are both striated. (Striated means that they have lines.) 35. The outer layer of the skin or epidermis is composed of flat dead cells and protects the body from bacteria. (Skin, outer layer, epidermis, dead cells, protects from bacteria.) 36. The middle layer of the skin or the dermis contains blood vessels and nerves. 37. The deepest or third layer of the skin contains lots of fat cells. 38. Esophagus is the tube between the mouth and stomach. 40. HCL acid and the enzyme pepsin break down proteins in the stomach. 40. HCL acid and the enzyme pepsin break down proteins in the stomach. 41. Nutrient absorption is the main function of the small intestine. 42. Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from heart tissue. 43. Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back. 44. Systemic circulation is the flow of blood to and from all the organs and body tissues except the heart and lungs. 45. Blood in veins is low in oxygen (deoxygenated). 46. Blood returns to the heart's atria and is pumped out by the heart's ventricles. (Atrium is singular/Atria is plural) 47. One-way valves keep blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. (Semilunar valves keep blood from flowing back into the heart from arteries) 48. Platelets play a big role in clotting blood. 49. Blood leaves the heart's left ventricle through the aorta on its way to the body's cells. 50. In the lungs, gases move into and out of the blood by diffusion. 51. The kidneys function is to filter waste and excess water out of the blood. 52. The bronchioles branch and gets smaller until they reach an alveoli. 53. The larynx contains the vocal cords. 54. The bronchi are branches off the trachea that lead to each lung. 55. The diaphragm is the muscle beneath the lungs that helps move air in and out. 56. Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli often cause by smoking. 57. Nephrons are the filtering unit of the kidneys. 58. Ureters are tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder. 59. Oxygen is required by body cells for cellular respiration. 60. The epiglottis prevents food from entering your trachea. 61. Dialysis is used to treat kidney failure. 62. Asthma is often triggered by an allergic reaction. 63. The urethra leads from the bladder to outside the body. 64. Dendrites receives messages and sends them toward the neuron's cell body. 65. The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. 66. An axon carry messages away from a neuron's cell body. 67. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that coordinates involuntary muscles. 68. The retina is eye tissue that contains rods and cones. 69. Reflex response are controlled in the spinal cord. 70. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 71. An impulse moves from one neuron to the next across a small space called a synapse. 72. Motion and balance are detected in the inner ear. 73. A stimulus is any change inside or outside the body that causes a response. 74. Semicircular canals are the three fluid filled loops in the ear involved with balance. 75. The cochlea is the fluid filled structure with a spiral shape involved with hearing. 76. The cerebrum is the part of the brain where the senses are interpreted. 78. Motor neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or organs. 79. Interneurons interpret impulses produced by stimuli and determine a response. 80. Antibiotics kill bacteria, but not viruses. Vaccines prevent viral infections, but will not cure one.

23rd Chapter Test Review (Copy and complete the sentences.) 1. The complex group of defenses your body has against disease is called the ............ 2. The ............ is a first-line defense against pathogens. 3. The respiratory system traps pathogens with hairlike structures called ............ 4. ............ surround and digest foreign organisms. 5. Molecules that are foreign to your body are called ............ 6. An ............ is a protein made in response to a specific antigen. 7. In ............ immunity, your body makes its own antibodies in response to antigens. 8. ............ immunity results when antibodies that have been produced in another animal are introduced into your body. 9. ............ are made from killed, weakened or parts of bacteria or viruses that when put in the body help prevent diseases. 10. If you step on a nail, you will want to make sure you've had a ............ 11. Scientists didn't know viruses cause disease until the 1900s because they are so ............ 12. Heating a liquid to the point where most bacteria die is called ............ 13. ............ first developed a way to isolate and grow one type of bacterium at a time. p. 659 14. ............ recognized the relationship between the infection rate and cleanliness. p. 660 15. Disease-carrying organisms are called ............ 16. Infectious diseases that are passed by sexual contact are called ............ 17. An HIV infection can lead to ............ 18. An overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance is known as an ............ 19. One chronic disease associated with levels of insulin production is ............ 20. The effect a toxin will have on the body depends on amount and length of contact. 21. ............ can cause birth defects in unborn babies like fetal alcohol syndrome. 22. Smoking has been linked to ............ 23. A ............ is a disease carrying organism that spreads infectious diseases. 24. HIV is reproduced in ............, but this white blood cell doesn't die. 25. HIV is reproduced in ............ and the white blood cell eventually dies. 26. .......... are white blood cells that read the foreign surface proteins on Macrophages to start an immune response. 27. .......... are white blood cells that activate B-Cells to produce antibodies. 28. .......... are white blood cells that activate kill-T-Cells to find infected cell. 29. .......... are white blood cells that produce antibodies. 30. .......... are white blood cells that find infected cells and cause these cells to rupture their own cell membranes and die. 31. .......... occurs when there isn't enough Helper-T-Cells to activate an immune response to opportunistic diseases. 32. Draw the six pictures showing an immune response and add the captions below to them. 1. Macrophage finds and engulfs pathogens. 2. Antigens of the destroyed pathogen are displayed on the surface of the macrophage. 3. Helper-T-Cells detects the antigens on the macrophage and starts an immune response. 4. Killer-T-Cells are instructed to multiply and find infected cells causing them to die. B-Cells are instructed to multiply and make antibodies that match the pathogen. 5. Killer-T-Cells cause infected cells to self destruct taking pathogens with them. 6. Antibodies bind to pathogens, keeping them from infecting body cells and marking them for destruction by macrophages and complement proteins.
 * 1) 75 6/2 and 6/3/2008

Part one: In Brazil there are forest tribes that have had no contact with other people. These tribes are sometimes referred to as “uncontacted tribes.” Explain what “indigenous people” means and explain what is threatening their existence. What do they eat and where does it come from? Part two: Tell where tigers live and their main food source in each area. Explain what is threating the tiger's existence.
 * 1) 74 5/30/2008

#73 5/29/2008   23_3 Noninfectious Disease Questions (Answer in complete sentences.) 1. List five noninfectious diseases. p.666 2. What does it mean if something is chronic? 3. What is an allergy and what can a strong allergic reactions cause? 4. What can bring on an asthma attack? 5. What do histamines promote? 6. What are severe allergies treated with? 7. What is diabetes? 8. What does insulin do? 9. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? 10. What health problems can high blood sugar cause? 11. How can type 2 diabetes often be controlled? 12. What is a toxin and what can they cause? 13. What toxic effect is caused by ethyl alcohol? 14. What can long term exposure to pollution cause? 15. What is cancer and how can it spread? 16. What causes leukemia and what does it do? 17. What is colorectal cancer? 18. What is the leading cause of cancer? 19.List two other causes of cancer? 20. How can the immune system be used against cancer? 21. Tell three ways to prevent cancer?

#72 5/28/2008   23_1 Immune Response Four kinds of WBCs are the players. 1. Macrophages – big eaters – roam around engulfing foreign substances. Present antigens to Helper-T-CellsCan also be “called” by Helper T-Cells. 2. Helper T-Cells – alerts B-Cells, Killer-T-Cells, and more macrophages to the presence of pathogens. Also signals other Helper-T-Cells, B-Cells, and Killer-T-Cells to multiply. 3. B-Cells – produce and remember how to make specific antibodies against pathogens. (Memory-B-Cells remember for future infections by the same pathogen.) 4. Killer-T-Cells – signals infected body cells to rupture their cell membranes. The cell dies and the pathogens die with it. 5. Recognition of Pathogens: Pathogens are any agent that causes disease. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxic substances are examples of pathogens. A. Macrophage surrounds a pathogen and signals Helper-T-Cells B. The Macrophage destroys the pathogen and displays its antigens on its surface. Pathogens also infect body cells. Antigens are molecules that are foreign to your body. The surface proteins of pathogens are often antigens. Vaccines are often made of the surface proteins of pathogens. Helper-T-Cells respond to antigens by turning on the immune system in three ways. C. Helper-T-Cells are activated by the antigens on the macrophage. The helper-T-Cells multiply and send out three kinds of alerts. What is happening in this picture? 6. Immune Response a. B-Cells are activated and start multiplying. Most start making antibodies, but some become Memory-B-Cells. b. Killer-T-Cells are activated find infected body cells, signaling them to rupture their cell membranes, so the body cells die and take the pathogen with them. c. More Macrophages are called to the area by helper-T-Cells to clear out pathogens. What is happening in this picture? 7. Antibodies – proteins that bind to specific antigens; making a pathogen useless. a. Keeps viruses from entering cells. b. Clumps them together for destruction by macrophages. c. Activates complement proteins that causes them to rupture.

#71 5/27/2008   Two Column Vocabulary for Chapter 23. Write the book definitions for the sixteen vocabulary words for chapter 23 in one column. In the second column write these definitions in your own words.

#70 5/23/2008   Interspecies Relationships: Explain mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Give three examples of each kind of relationship.

#69 5/22/2008   AIDS & the Immune system 1. AIDS requires the study of its "battle ground" in other word the immune system. 2. The Immune system consists of the lymph system and white blood cells. 3. The Lymph System: functions to return excess fluid to the circulatory system helps in the development of WBCs holds many of WBCs often in special organs 4. Lymph System Structures: tonsils, thymus, spleen, patch on small intestine, appendix , nodes , vessels 5. Major Kinds of WBCs: Neutrophil - target bacteria and fungi Eosinophil - target parasites and allergic reactions Basophil - target allergic reactions Helper T-Cells - activate and direct other **WBCs (B­**Cells, Killer T-Cells, and Macrophages) _ B-Cells - produce antibodies which destroy bacteria and viruses Natural Killer "l'-Cells - kill tumor cells and cell infected by viruses Monocytes - help "C'-Cells recognize pathogens andd turn into macrophages Macrophages - big eaters - scavengers and engulf cells marked for death by T-Cells - 7 types, each is determined by the tissue in which it is located 6. Infection with the HIV virus The virus gets on a mucus membrane or in the body Macrophages come by and get infected Virus reproduction begins inside the macrophage and new viruses are churned out without killing it. The viruses leave and infect T-Cells and other macrophages Viruses are reproduced in the T-Cell, but it kills them after awhile. The viruses infect other body cells 7. Other cells get infected Surface cells in the brain (endothelial cells) Glial cells of the CNS Microglia, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes Glial cells support neurons AIDS often causes mental changes 8. Three phases of AIDS 8. Phase I Few or no symptoms Virus reproduces Antibodies against the virus are produced Other people are unknowingly infected Can last 10 years 8. Phase II Symptoms worsen/ Swollen glands / fatigue and fever / weight loss / diarrhea The number of T-Cells drop steadily/ The immune system starts to fail 8. Phase III To few helper T-Cells to stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies Antibodies levels drop Opportunistic infections become severe leading to death 9. Opportunistic infections Diseases that don't usually create problems for healthy people. pneumonia - yeast like lung fungus TB -- bacteria that eats the lungs toxoplasmosis - single cell brain parasite rare cancers - 10. No Vaccine HIV virus mutates quickly, so vaccines have yet to be created.

23_2 Infectious Disease p. 657 1. List five feared diseases. 2. What did Pasteur discover and invent? 3. List four diseases caused by bacteria. 4. Tell what protists are and list two disease cause by them. (658 and 210) 5. Tell what fungi consist of and two disease caused by fungi. (658 and 222) 6. Tell what a virus is and a few disease they cause. (658) 7. For what are Koch's rules used? 8. How did Koch build on Pasteur's discovery? 9. How might restaurant employees get bacteria on their hands that must be washed off? 10. What did Joseph Lister discover and do? 11. What is an infectious disease? 12. What is a biological vector? 13. In what ways can people spread diseases to many others? 14. What happens if STD are not treated? 15. Why do people not seek treatment after stage 2 syphilis? 16. Why is herpes so common? 662
 * 1) 68 5/21/2008

23_1 The Immune System ( p. 652) 1. Contrast your bodies first and second line of defense. 2. Write two ways the skin provides the first line of defense and one way it can fail. 3. Describe the defenses of the respiratory system. 4. List the digestive system's defenses. 5. Describe a defense of the circulatory system. 6. How does a fever help in defending against disease causing organisms. 7. How does inflammation work and why? 8. What is an antigen? 9. What is a lymphocyte? 10. What is the difference between a killer and helper T cell? 11. What are antibodies and how do they work? 12. How are mobilization and memory B cells different? 13. How does active immunity work? 14. What is a vaccination and how does it work? 15. Give an example of passive immunity. 16. How does the tetanus bacteria invade and work?
 * 1) 67 5/20/2008

22_1 The Endocrine System 1. What is the endocrine system? (Answer in complete sentences.) (p. 622/796) 2. Compare the speed of endocrine system responses to the speed of the nervous system responses. (p. 622/796) 3. Compare the length of responses controlled by the endocrine system to responses of the nervous system. (p. 794 second paragraph, 5th sentence) 4. Explain hormones and the cells they affect? Use the terms blood and target cells. (p. 622/798) 5. Explain figure 1 on page 622 including the interaction between the brain, heart, and skin. 6. What is feedback control? (p. 626/799) 7. Explain how the level of glucose in the blood is controlled. (p. 626/799 figures) 8. Make a list of nine endocrine glands and tell what each does. (p. 624/797) 9. Glucose is required for cellular respiration, the process that releases energy within cells. What does insulin do and how would a lack of insulin affect this process? 
 * 1) 66 5/19.2008

Silk Spinners Write 15 facts on silk as it pertains to insects and spiders.
 * 1) 65 5/15/2008

Nervous System Concepts 1. Explain the difference between dendrites and axons. P. 595 Nervous System Concepts 2. Contrast the jobs of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. p. 597 3. What are the different functions of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons? p. 597 and 601 4. Tell if sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons belong to the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. P. 595 5. Explain a reflex and describe what is happening in each part of the pathway that makes up a reflex arc. P. 601 6. Explain the function of a synapse and how it works. P. 597 7. Explain the difference between the cerebrum and cerebellum. p. 598 8. Explain the difference between the retina and cochlea. p. 605 and 608 9. Explain the difference between a rod and cone. P. 605 10. How do crista ampullaris and maculae differ in function. 11. Tell how oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the same and how they are different. Both cell types produce myelin which speeds up impulses in axons. Oligodendrocyte myelinate axons of the CNS. Schwann cells myelinate axons of the PNS 12. Tell how convex and concave lens affect light. Indicate what type of lens corrects nearsightedness and farsightedness. Warm Up – Impulse Transmission. 1. There is a (+ )charge outside and a (–) charge inside of a neuron before an impulse. 2. Upon stimulation, channels open in the cell membrane allowing the (+) sodium ions to enter. 3. Near by channels open allowing the change in charge to move down the neuron. 4. The moving charge is followed by potassium ions flowing out of the cell membrane to restore the original (+ )charge outside and a (–) charge inside of the neuron.
 * 1) 64 5/14/2008

NERVOUS SYSTEM PROJECT: (What you should accomplish in six days.) Your project should include the following items and words with diagrams for as many as possible.
 * 1) 63 5/12/2008

Give an overview of how nervous system works to maintain homeostasis starting with a stimulus. Homeostasis, Stimulus, Gathering of information, Transmitting information, Processing information, Response

Describe and explain the parts of a neuron. Neurons, Cell body, Dendrites, Axons, Nerves

Explain glial cells and what each kind does. Glial cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocyte, Schwann cells, Myelin

Explain how a neuron transmits an impulse. Cell membrane, Sodium ions, Charge, Resting potential – polarized, Action potential – depolarized

Explain the parts of a synapse, plus how it works and why. Synapse, Neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine

Explain the function of the three types of neurons. sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Describe and tell the function of the central nervous system.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Describe and tell the function of the peripheral nervous system.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Describe and tell the function of the four major parts of the brain. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Brain, Cerebrum,, Cerebellum, Brain stem, Spinal cord

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous system.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Describe and explain a reflex arc. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector, response

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Describe the structures that provide vision and explain how they work. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Fovea, Optic Disc, Rods, Cones, Optic nerve, Visual Cortex <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">(Optional: Optic chiasma, Optic track, Occipital Lobe or Visual cortex)

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain how the two types of corrective lenses work for near and far sightedness. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Convex lens, Concave lens

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide hearing and explain how they work. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Outer ear, External auditory canal, Middle ear, Ear drum, Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup, Inner ear, Cochlea,, Cochlear nerve, Eustachian tube, Pressure

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide balance and explain how they work. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Semicircular canals, Crista ampullaris, Maculae, Hair cells, Vestibular nerve

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide taste and explain how they work. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide smell and explain how they work.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide heat and explain how they work.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide pressure and explain how they work.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain the structures that provide pain and explain how they work.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain how two or more diseases affect the nervous system. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Multiple sclerosis, Cerebal palsy, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Spina bifida, Carpal tunnel syndrome

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain how substance abuse effects and damages the nervous system.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Explain how different volumes of sound can effect the structures in the ear. Include how hearing aids work.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Grading will be based on written content, diagrams, and time on-task. Written content must provide useful explanations and functions of the various structures.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Copying/Plagiarizing the writing of other people is not allowed. Taking notes and making a “second column” is a sure way to avoid plagiarism.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Creativity is encourage. Use of the website voicethread is encouraged. Making a wiki page is encouraged.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Grading Guide: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">On-task <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">F – Often off-task and repeatedly has to be directed to work, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">D – works at least 40 minutes and requires direction six times or less, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">C – is organized and working in less than five minutes and required direction four times or less, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">B – Starts working immediately and requires direction twice or less, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">A – Starts working immediate and is never has to be directed to work <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Quality <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">D – sloppy, but some what organized <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">C – neat and organized, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">B – Attractive layout/ Very good, <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">A – If everyone saw the project, they would think “Wow” or “this is the best” <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Diagrams <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">D – 7 diagrams items, C – 10 diagrams items, B – 13 diagrams items, A – 16 diagrams items <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Half must be drawn by some in your group. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Writing – must be accurate and spelled correctly. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">D – 300 words, C – 450 word, B – 600 words, A – 800 words

Participation Grade
 * 1) 62 5/5 to 5/9

Twenty Five Facts on Insects, their wings, and flight
 * 1) 61 5/9/2008

Twelve Facts on the senses.
 * 1) 60 5/2/2008

Warm Up: This assignment will be added to each day this week. Just copy the following and fill in the blanks as you learn the answers. Monday 1. Your body constantly is receiving a variety of ............from inside and outside the body. The nervous system responds to these stimuli to maintain .......... 2. A .......... is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. Tuesday: 3. A stimulus is detected by .......... neurons. Electrical impulses are carried to the interneurons and transmitted to the ......... neurons. The result is the movement of a body part. 4. A response that is made automatically is a .......... Wednesday 5. The central nervous system contains the .......... and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of .......... and ........... nerves. 6. To move from one neuron to the next, and impulse crosses a synapse with a chemical. (Neurotransmitter) Thursday 7. The somatic system controls voluntary actions and the autonomic system controls involuntary actions. 8. The spinal cord controls reflex responses which occur faster than brain controlled responses.
 * 1) 59 5/2/08

21_1 Main Ideas C / Page 600 Paragraph 16...2 facts (p. 600) Paragraph 17...2 facts Paragraph 18...2 facts (p. 601) Paragraph 19...3 facts Paragraph 20...2 facts Paragraph 21...1 facts Paragraph 22...3 facts (p. 602) Paragraph 23...2 facts Paragraph 24...1 facts
 * 1) 57 4/30/08

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">#56 4/29/08 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">21_1 B Nervous Sys. Main Ideas Continued / Page 598 <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Write a number for each paragraph and write the number of main ideas indicated below. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Integrated Chemistry (find in left margin).....2 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 9.....3 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 10.....4 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 11.....2 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 12.....3 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 13.....2 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 14.....4 facts <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif">Paragraph 15.....3 facts

21_1 A The Nervous System Main Ideas A / Page 594 Write a number for each paragraph and write the number of main ideas indicated below. 2nd Paragraph...three facts 3rd Paragraph...two facts 4th Paragraph...three facts 5th Paragraph...three facts Page 596.........three facts 6th Paragraph...zero 7th Paragraph...three facts 8th Paragraph...four facts
 * 1) 55 4/28/08

FYI / ignore this Rhyme to remember days in a month: “Thirty days hath September, April, June and November; All the rest have thirty-one; Excepting February

Human Body Facts on the Senses Write 12 Facts
 * 1) 54 4/25/08

20th Chapter Tests
 * 1) 50 4/15/2008

20th Respiration and Excretion Review 1. The major organs of respiration are the lungs. 2. The lungs function to exchange gases into and out of the blood. 3. The functional structure of the lungs are the alveoli. (is the alveolus) Structure in the lungs that exchanges blood gases. 4. The process by which gases exchange within the alveoli is diffusion. 5. The lungs take in oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). This is the function of the lungs. 6. The two branches off the trachea are the bronchi. 7. The tube with cartilage rings, mucous membranes, and cilia is the trachea. 8. The structure to which the vocal cords are attached is the larynx. 9. Clusters of thin walled air sacs in the lungs are the alveoli. 10. Muscle beneath the lungs that helps air move in and out is the diaphragm. 11. The disease resulting in the alveoli losing their ability to expand and contract is emphysema. 12. The tube like passageway for both food and air is the pharynx. 13. Structure that prevents food or liquid from entering the trachea is the epiglottis. 14. Cellular respiration requires supplying your body's cells with oxygen and glucose. 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O Needed Waste 15. Disease often triggered by allergies where the bronchial tubes contract is asthma. 16. The main organ of the urinary system is the kidney. 17. The main function of the kidney is to remove urea from the blood. 18. The functional/filtering unit of the kidney is the nephron. 19. Tube leading from the bladder out of the body is the urethra. 20. Tubes between the kidneys and the bladder are the ureter.
 * 1) 49 4/14/2008

Write 15 facts on Orca
 * 1) 48 4/11/2008

Page 588 Questions
 * 1) 47 4/10/2008
 * 1) 11-20 Write answers as sentences
 * 2) 21-28 Follow textbook instructions

Ten pairs of terms are found on page 588. Answer the questions for each pair in order. Tell what the first word is. Tell what the second word is. Tell the relationship between the first and second word. There are three questions for each pair of words, so all together there are 30. 1. a. What are alveoli? Tiny sacs in the lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air and the blood by diffusion. b. What are bronchi? Tubes that bring air to the lungs c. What is the relationship between alveoli and bronchi? Bronchi branch and get smaller until they end in an alveoli 2 a. What is the bladder? b. What is urine? c. What is the relationship between the bladder and urine? 3 a. What is the larynx? b. What is the pharynx? c. What is the relationship between the larynx and pharynx? 4 a. What is the ureter? b. What is the urethra? c. What is the relationship between the ureter and the urethra? 5 a. What are the Alveoli? b. What is Emphysema? c. What is the relationship between the alveoli and emphysema? 6 a. What is a nephron? b. What is a kidney? c. What is the relationship between nephrons and kidneys? 7 a. What is the Urethra? b. What is the Bladder? c. What is the relationship between the urethra and bladder? 8 a. What is asthma? b. What are the bronchial tubes? c. What is the relationship between the asthma and the bronchial tubes? 9 a. What is kidney? b. What is urine? c. What is the relationship between the kidney and urine? 10 a. What is the diaphragm? b. What are alveoli? c. What is the relationship between the diaphragm and alveoli?
 * 1) 46 4/9/2008
 * 2) 46 20th Chapter Structures

Mini-Project: Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System 1. Respiratory Infections ---Common cold ---Influenza ---Pneumonia 2. Chronic Bronchitis 3. Emphysema 4. Lung Cancer 5. Asthma Extra: Tuberculosis --Page 574 in Textbook
 * 1) 45 4/8/2008
 * Make some type of pamphlet or project on five or more
 * Include: Descriptions, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments.

20_1 Respiratory Notes #44 (Two Column) 1. Oxygen is inhaled from the atmosphere for Cellular Respiration. 2. Cellular respiration combines oxygen with food/glucose to make energy, carbon dioxide, and water. 3. Cellular respiration is why we breath in oxygen and breath out CO2. (Carbon dioxide) 4. The respiratory system gets oxygen to the blood and removes (waste) carbon dioxide from the blood. 5. Exercise requires energy, so during exercise more oxygen is taken in for cellular respiration. 6. The nasal cavity moistens, warms and cleans inhaled air. 7. The tube at the back of the mouth is called the pharynx. 8. The epiglottis is a flap at the end of the pharynx and covers the trachea. 9. The epiglottis keeps swallowed food and liquids out of the trachea. 10. Between the pharynx and trachea is the larynx, that contains the vocal cords. 11. The trachea has: rings of cartilage rings to keep it open, a lining of mucus to trap dust, pollen, and bacteria, and cilia which move to expel contaminants. 12. Between the bronchi and alveoli are many small branching tubes 13. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and blood in capillaries by diffusion. 14. Molecules called hemoglobin in red blood cells pick up oxygen and carry it to body cells. 15. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in capillaries to air in the alveoli, and then it is exhaled.
 * 1) 44 4/7/2008

20th Chapter Vocabulary (p. 588) Two Columns Write the book's definition in the left column and your "remix", summary, drawing, or explanation of the definition in the right column. Words: Alveoli, asthma, bladder, bronchi, diaphragm, emphysema, kidney, larynx, nephron, pharynx, trachea, ureter, urethra, urinary system, and urine.
 * 1) 43 4/3/2008

__Start of 4th Quarter__
Wild dogs of africa facts. 20 Also, find unfinished assignments. Finish and turn these assignments in.
 * 1) 42 4/2/2008

3/31/2008 #41 A. 20_2 Self Check on page 582. Answer the first five questions. Help with #4: Draw and fill in the following table instead of making a concept tree. Use pages 571 & 579. Put the following words in the table where they belong: alveoli, blood cells, carbon dioxide, diffusion, excess salts, excess water, filtration, kidney, lung, nephron, oxygen, salts, squeezing/pressure, sugars, waste/urea, and water. B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 9 on page 577 including the explanation sentence. C. Sketch and label the major structures of the urinary system using the first part of Figure 11 on page 579. D. Sketch and explain Figure 13 on page 582.
 * Start by finding the two organs in the list above and writing them in the first column of the table.
 * Then find the two processes in the list and write them next to the organ that uses the process.
 * Then write the substance removed from the blood by each organ.
 * Then write the substances added or returned to the blood by each organ.
 * Finally, write each organ's functional unit in the table.
 * Then tell what the kidney is made of and describe the main function of the nephron.

3/20/2008 #40 Write 20 facts about wasps, ants, and termites.

3/19/2008 #39 A. 20_1 Self Check on page 576. Answer the fist four questions. B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 2 on page 569 including the explanation sentence. C. Sketch and label 10 structures from Figure 3 on page 570. (Nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, cilia, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and capillaries.) D. Sketch Figure 4 on page 571. Include labels and the explanation sentence. E. Which lung would you want in Figure 7 and why?

3/18/2008 #38 20_1 Respiratory System Facts B Pages 572 to 576 10th Paragraph...3 facts...Breathing Rate 11th Paragraph...2 facts...Air Pressure 12th Paragraph...2 facts...Diaphragm 13th Paragraph...1 fact...Choking...........See p. 573 14th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Disease and Disorders 15th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Infections 16th Paragraph...2 facts...Bronchitis 17th Paragraph...3 facts...Chronic Bronchitis 18th Paragraph...3 facts...Emphysema 19th Paragraph...3 facts...Lung Cancer 20th Paragraph...3 facts...Asthma

3/17/2008 #37 20_1 Respiratory System Facts A Pages 568 to 571 Write 1st Paragraph...1 fact...Oxygen 2nd Paragraph...3 facts...Oxygen 3rd Paragraph...5 facts...Breathing vs. Cellular Respiration 4th Paragraph...4 facts...Particles in Air 5th Paragraph...3 facts...Pharynx 6th Paragraph...3 facts...Larynx 7th Paragraph...3 facts...Trachea 8th Paragraph...4 facts...Bronchi and Alveoli 9th Paragraph...5 facts...Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange

3/14/2008 #36 19th Chapter Test (Open book and notes) Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565 Write the questions for #3 – 10.

3/13/2008 #35 Finish Questions #20 and 25 on page 563 Do questions #1-19 plus #23 on page 563 Study for Test Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565 Write the questions for #3 – 10.

3/12/2008 #34 19_2 & 3 Self Check 555 & 557 Answer questions #1 – 4 for each. Plus Questions #20 and 25 on page 563 Study for Test Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565 Write the questions for #3 – 10.

3/11/2008 #33 19_2 Blood Types Notes p.553 (2 columns) 1. If blood of the wrong types is mixed, it will clot and can block blood flow to any part of the body. 2. Blood type is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. 3. The antigens and antibodies in blood is what determines a blood type. Antibodies react in response to antigens and clots form. 4. Copy Table 1 on page 533 in the left column. Copy Table 2 on page 533 in the right column. 5. Different blood types have different chemical tags called antigens. 6. Different blood types also have different antibodies. 7. Antibodies are proteins that destroy or neutralize substances that are not part of your body. 8. Antibodies are what cause transfused blood to clot. 9. Rh is another chemical blood tag. Rh+ has the Rh factor or tag, while Rh – doesn't. 10. When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the mother might make antibodies to the child's Rh factor. 11. Just before birth, the mothers antibodies can get into the child and destroy the baby's RBCs or red blood cells. 12. Injections that keep the mother from making these antibodies are given to these mothers to protect the babies blood cells. 13. With anemia, bodies tissues don't get enough oxygen from the blood. 14. Blood loss or lack of iron in the diet can cause anemia. 15. In sickle-cell disease, blood cells are misshapened, so they clog the capillaries. 16. Sickle-cell disease is inherited and results in poor oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and tissue cells. 17. In Leukemia, many immature and none functioning white blood cells are produced.

3/10/2008 #32 19_2 Blood Notes (2 Columns) 1. Four Functions of Blood: Delivers oxygen to and removes Carbon dioxide from body cells Carries waste from body cells to the kidneys Transports nutrients to the body cells Fights infections and helps heal wounds 2. Diseases that disrupt the four functions of blood, can affect all the cells of your body 3. Blood tissue consists of plasma, platelets, red cells, and white cells. 4. An adults blood would fill five 1-L Bottles 5. Plasma is mostly water and is the liquid part of the blood. 6. Plasma is half of the bloods volume. 7. Nutrients, minerals and wastes are dissolved in and transported by plasma. 8. Red Blood Cells: (RBCs) are disk shaped, have no nuclei, contain hemoglobin 5,000,000 in each mm3 of blood 9. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from cells to the lungs. Why do we breath in oxygen? Our cells combine oxygen with food to make ATP for energy. Where does the carbon dioxide that we breath out come from? Carbon in food is combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide. 10. RBCs live about 120 days. About 2.5 million RBCs are produced each second and are destroyed at the same rate. (2,000,000 to 3,000,000) 11. RBCs are produced in the marrow of long bones. 12. White blood cells (WBCs) fight bacteria, viruses and other invaders of the body. Some WBCs engulf invaders, while other WBCs release antibodies that disable invaders. 13. There are five major kinds of WBCs. Some WBCs break down body cells that die as well as fighting infections. 1 Lymphocytes 2 Monocytes 3 Neutrophils 4 Basophils 5 Eosinophils 14. There are about 1 or 2 WBCs for every 1000 RBCs and they live from a few days to a few months. (5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in each mm3 of blood) 15. Platelets: are irregular shaped cell fragments, help clot blood, last five to nine days, stick to damaged cells, and release chemicals called clotting factors 16. Blood Clotting: platelets stick to wounded cells, clotting factors from platelets cause fibers called fibrin to form, fibrin blocks blood cells like a net, and then fibrin and blood cells harden forming a scab. 17. A person with a low number of platelets can bleed without it stopping 18. Hemophilia is a genetic condition where plasma lacks a clotting factor, so minor wounds can cause one to bleed to death.

3/7/2008 Make up assignment day. Find assignments that you have not done. Complete these assignments and turn them in.

3/5/2008 and 3/6/2008 #31 19-2 Blood Facts p. 550 Write the indicated number of facts for the indicated paragraphs. Paragraph 1.....4 facts.....Blood Functions Paragraph 2.....3 facts.....Parts of Blood Paragraph 3.....4 facts.....Plasma Paragraph 4.....4 facts.....Blood Cells p. 551 Paragraph 5.....4 facts.....White Blood Cells Paragraph 6.....3 facts.....Platelets Paragraph 7.....4 facts.....Blood Clotting p. 552 Paragraph 8.....2 facts.....Hemophilia Paragraph 9.....3 facts.....Blood Transfusion (is really what this paragraph is about) p. 553 Paragraph 10....3 facts.....Blood Types (is really what this paragraph is about) Paragraph 11....6 facts.....Blood Antibodies Paragraph 12....4 facts.....Rh Factor p. 554 Paragraph 13....4 facts.....Rh Factor & Pregnancy Paragraph 14....4 facts.....Anemia Paragraph 15....4 facts.....Leukemia

3/4/08 #30 __The Pathway of Blood Through the Heart__ Copy and comprehend the chart. This chart visually summarizes the pathway of blood through the heart in as few words as possible. The chart will then be used to understand the picture below it. Write the numbers 1 through 8 down your paper below the chart. Match the names on the chart above to the numbers on the picture below. Note that the blue and red arrows in the chart correspond to the blue and red arrows in the picture. Blue represents deoxygenated blood while red represents highly oxygenated blood. (Hint: Find where both blue arrows start and then find where both red arrows start.)

2/29/08 Leap Day #29 Write 12 facts on parasites, bacteria, viruses, and the immune system.

Assignment #28 Participation grade for 2/25 to 2/29. Students have to be present and following classroom norms to earn these points..

2/28/08 and 3/3/08 #27 19-1 Circulatory System Notes Two Columns p. 540 1. Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to every cell in your body and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes. 2. The movement of substance between blood and cells occurs by diffusion and active transport. 3. Diffusion is the spreading out of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (Diffusion is when a material moves from where there is more of it to where there is less of it.) 4. The two upper chambers of the heart are called right and left atriums and the two lower chambers are called right and left ventricles 5. Both atriums contract together and then both ventricles contract together to make the lub-dub sound. 6. Coronary circulation consist of the coronary arteries and coronary veins. 7. Path of blood through the heart: a. Blood returns to the heart through the vena cavas from the body. b. Right atrium receives blood from the vena cavas. c. The right atruim loads the right ventricle with blood. d. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries. e. Pulmonary circulation starts with the pulmonary arteries, goes to the lungs, and finishes with the pulmonary veins. f. Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off in the lungs. G. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. H. The left atrium loads the blood into the left ventricle. I. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aorta. J. The Aorta starts systemic circulation, goes to the capillaries, and finishes with the vena cava. K. Oxygen-rich blood enters the aorta and oxygen-poor blood leaves the vena cava. 8. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. 9. Arteries and veins have thick elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle. 10. Each ventricle is connected to an artery. Right ventricle- Pulmonary artery/Left ventricle- Aorta 11. The smooth muscle in arteries is thicker than in veins, so they can handle the high pressure. 12. Veins carry blood back to the heart. 13. Veins have one-way valves that keep blood moving back towards the heart. 14. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head and neck, while the inferior vena cava returns blood back from the abdomen and legs. 15. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. 16. Capillaries are only one cell thick, so oxygen and nutrients can diffuse out to the cells and carbon dioxide and wastes can diffuse in. 17. Blood pressure is the force of pumped blood on the walls of blood vessels. 18. Blood pressure is higher in arteries than in veins. 20. Blood pressure is controlled by the speed of the heart and the squeezing of smooth muscles in the arteries and veins. 21. Cardiovascular diseases or diseases of the heart, blood vessel, and blood are the leading cause of death in the US. (1. for teens is accidents and injury) 22. Atherosclerosis is when fatty deposits build up on the walls of arteries. 23. Eating foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats can cause fatty deposits to build up on artery walls. 24. Fatty deposits in coronary arteries cause heart attacks. 25. Hypertension or high blood pressure can be caused by atherosclerosis 26. Clogged arteries lose their elasticity and no longer dilate or contract easily, causing high blood pressure. 27. Hypertension can cause the heart to weaken (heart failure) and damage the kidneys. (dialysis) 28. Heat failure results when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently 29. Heat failure is caused by weak heart muscle tissue or damaged heart valves 30. In heart failure people are short of breath and fluid collects in their arms, legs, and lungs 31. Healthy diet and exercise choices greatly reduces the chances of cardiovascular disease and cancer. 32. Many people get cardiovascular by eating diets high in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sugar. (Eating too much sugar causes diabetes which causes heart disease.) 33. Large amounts of body fat force the heart to pump faster and is associated with cardiovascular disease. 34. Regular exercise helps to prevent tension, control cholesterol, lower blood pressure, reduce body fat, and strengthens the heart and lungs. 35. Smoking causes the blood vessels to contract causing the heart to beat faster and harder. 36. Smoking causes cardiovascular disease and lung cancer.

2/27/2008 #26 19-1 Self Check Questions 1-5 p.548 (Also do make up or extra credit work.)

Assignment #25 Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542 It is recommended that the ateries be connected to the veins in the lung with one loop rather than the network show.

2/26/2008 #24 __19-1 Circulatory System Facts B__ p. 544 Find the number of facts indicated for each topic. Topic................................Number of Facts 9. Arteries......................................4 10. Veins.......................................4 11. Capillaries ...............................4 12. Blood Pressure........................4 13. Measuring Blood Pressure........3 14. Controlling Blood Pressure........2 15. Cardiovascular Disease.............1 16. Atherosclerosis........................3 17. Hypertension............................3 18. Heart Failure............................3 19-22. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.......6 Figure 5 – Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries. Sketch and Labeling optional.

2/25/08 #23

__19-1 Circulatory System Facts A__ p. 540 Topics...............................Number of Facts 1. Cardiovascular System................2 2A. Blood Vessels..........................3 2B. Diffusion/Active Transport..........2 3. Heart........................................6 4. Circulatory System divisions.......1 5. Coronary Circulation..................3 6. Pulmonary Circulation................4 7. Systemic Circulation..................4 Assignment #25 Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542

2/22/08 #22 18th Chapter Test

2/21/08 #21 18_1 Self Check p. 521 / Study for Test 1. List the six classes of nutrients. Give one example of a food source for each class. (Sixth is water.) 2. Describe the major function of each class of nutrient. 3. Discuss how food choices can positively and negatively affect your health. 4. Explain the importance of water in the body. 5. What foods from each food group would provide a balanced breakfast? Explain. Additional Question: 6. List the five food groups. Give two examples of a food in each group. Start with the group you should eat the most of and finish with the group you should eat the least of.

2/19/08 and 2/20/08 #20 18_2 Notes / 2 Column Write the following as two column notes. Remember, the more thinking you do in creating your second column, the better you will do on the test. 1. To process food, the body must ingest, digest, absorb and eliminate it. 2. The breaking down of food for absorption is called digestion. 3. The chewing, mixing and churning of food is mechanical digestion. 4. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones is chemical digestion. 5. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones require enzymes. 6. The proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes. 7. While speeding up reactions, enzymes work without being changed. 8. The teeth and tongue in the mouth start mechanical digestion. 9. Glands in the mouth secrete saliva which contains water, mucus, and amylase. 10. The enzyme that breaks starches into sugars is called amylase. 11. The bodies main source of energy are carbohydrates. 12. Food is made more slippery by mucus to protect the digestive tract.. 13. The structure that covers the windpipe when food is swallowed is called the epiglottis. 14. The esophagus is a muscular tube between the mouth and stomach. 15. The waves of muscular contractions that push food through the digestive tract is peristalsis. 16. The churning, expandable, muscular bag that holds food is the stomach. 17. Hydrochloric acid is added to food in the stomach. 18. HCL acid and the enzyme pepsin break down proteins in the stomach. 19. Acid in the stomach also kills most bacteria found in food. 20. Food liquidized for and by digestion is called chyme. 21. Nutrient absorption is the main function of the small intestine. 22. The liver makes bile which is held in the gall bladder. 23. The gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine. 24.Bile emulsifies fats and oils breaking them into smaller droplets. 25.The pancreas put enzymes into the duodenum or first part of the small intestine. 26. Most digestion takes place in the duodenum. 27. The pancreas produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 28. The pancreas also produces bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the chyme. 29. The surface area of the small intestine is increased by structures called villi. 30. Nutrients move into the blood vessels within the villi. 31. Proteins are broken down into their building blocks called amino acids. 32. Starches are broken down into sugars from which they are composed. 33. Fats are broken down into glycerides and fatty acids. 34. The main job of the large intestine is to absorb water from the undigested mass. 35. The large intestine helps maintain homeostasis by keeping large amounts of water in the body. 36. The last eight inches of the large intestine is the rectum. 37. The rectum holds and then muscles in it help void the waste. 38. Muscles in the anus control the release of semisolid wastes called feces. 39. Beneficial bacteria live in the large intestine also called the colon. 40. Bacteria produce vitamin K and two b vitamins. 41. Vitamin K is important for blood clotting. 42. The two B vitamins, niacin and thiamine are important to the nervous system. 43. Less helpful bacteria breakdown meat and fat wastes into carcinogens. 44. The breakdown of intestinal material by bacteria produces gas. 45. The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas are called accessory organs because food doesn't pass through them. 46. List all the digestive organs that food passes through:

2/14/08 #19 Digestive Organs Activity (Make-up: Write information on three of the following topics.) Research three topics as a group and then creatively organize the information as a poster. Find as much information as you can about each topic. (Such as enzymes and what they break down) Topics: Mouth and esophagus Stomach Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) Large intestine Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas

2/13/08 #18 18_2 Self Check P. 529 1. Compare and Contrast mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. 2. Explain how activities in the large intestine help maintain homeostasis. (Tell what the colon does to keep the body in balance.) 3. Describe the function of each of the organs in the digestive tract. (Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.) 4. Explain how the accessory organ aid digestion. (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas) 5. Thinking Critically: A cracker contains starch. Explain why a cracker begins to taste sweet after it is in your mouth for five minutes without being chewed.

2/12/08 #17 18_2 Digestive System Main Ideas Read the text while imagining taking the trip with the six types of nutrients on the journey from the lips to the anus. Notice the structures and organs you would pass. Visualize where each type of food would be changed as it is turned into excrement. (Textbook p. 523) For each topic, write the given number of facts. Digestion......3................Mouth...............3 Enzymes.......3................Esophagus........3 Amylase.......2................Stomach............7 Pepsin..........2.................Small intestine..10 Pancreas.......3................Large intestine..4 Organs list......................Bacteria............4

2/11/07 #16 18_1 Nutrition Questions Write or print these questions on the left side of a sheet of paper. Write the answers on the right side of a sheet of paper. 1. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, what are these? 2. What consideration is most important in choosing the food you eat? 3. What unit is used to measure the amount of energy in food? 4. In terms of heat, what is a Calorie? (Calorie with a capital “C.”) (A science calorie with a lower-case “c” is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° C.) 5. What are the organic nutrients? 6. What are the inorganic nutrients? 7. What does digested mean? 8. What nutrients need to be digested? 9. What nutrients are directly absorbed into the blood? 10. What type of nutrient contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur? 11. What is an amino acid? 12. How many different amino acids does your body use? 13. Why is it essential that you get eight kinds of amino acids in the food you eat? 14. What does it mean if a protein is complete? 15. What does it mean if a protein is incomplete? 16. What type of nutrient should be your main source of calories? 17. From what molecules are carbohydrates made? 18. Sugars, starches and fibers are all made of what type of nutrient? 19. What are simple carbohydrates called? 20. In what kinds of food are simple carbohydrates found? 21. Starch and fiber are also called what? 22. In what types of foods are starches found? 23. What are starches made up of? 24. What carbohydrate can't be digested? 25. What is another name for fiber? 26. What foods contain fiber?

2/8/08 #15 Research and present twelve ideas relating to the conservation movement and/or the environmental movement.

2/7/08 #14 18_1 Main Ideas or Alternate Assignment - Finish Alternate Assignment can be done as extra credit.

2/6/08 #14 18_1 Main Ideas Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs. (Facts that would be in an outline.) The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph. 1st .....2 facts p.512....................12th .....1 fact 2nd .....3 facts............................13th .....4 facts 3rd .....3 facts p. 513...................14th .....3 facts p. 518 4th .....3 facts.............................15th .....3 facts p. 519 5th .....4 facts.............................16th .....3 facts 6th .....2 facts p. 514...................17th .....2 facts p. 520 7th .....3 facts.............................18th .....1 facts 8th .....1 fact...............................19th .....2 facts 9th .....3 facts p. 515...................20th .....5 facts p. 521 10th .....3 facts...........................21st .....2 facts 11th .....1 fact p. 516...................22nd .....1 fact

__Alternate Assignment__ for students that didn't bring their textbook: Give the STORY of the following topics, not just the definitions: 55 facts to equal the regular assignment. (Listing the facts associated with each topic is fine.)
 * Nutrients................................*Food Groups..........................
 * Calorie..................................*Serving size for each group......
 * Classes of Nutrients...............*Food Labels...........................
 * Protein..................................*Water....................................
 * Amino Acids.........................*Minerals.................................
 * Carbohydrates.......................*Vitamins................................
 * Fats......................................*Water vs. Fat Soluble.............
 * Cholesterol..........................................................................

2/5/08 #12 18th Chapter Vocab/2 Column 1. Nutrients – are substances in foods that provide energy and material for cell development, growth, and repair. 2. Proteins are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. 3. Amino Acids – large numbers of these small units or building blocks make up proteins. 4. Carbohydrates – energy containing molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. 5. Fats – also called lipids, are a nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins. 6. Vitamins – organic nutrients needed in small quantities for growth, regulating body functions, and preventing some diseases. 7. Minerals – inorganic nutrients that lack carbon and regulate many chemical reactions in your body. 8. Food group – grains, proteins, dairy, vegetables, and fruits are foods that contain the same types of nutrients 9. Digestion – is the process that breaks food down into smaller molecules so that they can be absorbed and moved into the blood. 10. Mechanical digestion – takes place when food is chewed, mixed, and churned. 11. Chemical digestion – occurs when chemical reactions occur that break down large molecules of food into smaller ones. 12. Enzyme – is a type of protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in your body. 13. Peristalsis – waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive track. 14. Chyme – food mixed with digestive substance consisting of a thinner liquid. 15. Villi – finger like projections covering the wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.

2/4/08 #11 Muscle Fiber Concepts (Continued from the activity)

2/1/08 #11 Myofibril (Tiny Muscle Fiber) Activity

In this activity we will make a model of the contracting units of mucles. 1. Draw a 5 inch by 1 inch box on your paper crosswise. (5 wide and 1 high) 2. Cut both of your straws into 4 equal pieces, making 8 pieces in total. 3.Cut your pipe cleaner into 4 equal pieces. 4. Roll two thin, 1 inch long pieces of clay and place them on the 1 inch lines of the box 5. Put these straw/cleaner units on the box and slide the straw ends out into the clay.
 * Muscles are made of bundles.
 * Each bundle is made up of muscle fibers.
 * Each muscle fiber is one muscle cell.
 * Muscle cellsl have many nuclei and myofibrils (tiny muscle fibers).
 * Each myofibril has many sarcomeres.
 * Sarcomeres are what contracts in a muscle.
 * Myofibrils have many sarcomere end to end and side by side.
 * Each straw-pipe_cleaner unit is a sarcomere
 * The pipe_cleaner is called the thick fiber of the sarcomere.
 * Myosin is the name of the thick fiber.
 * The straw is called the thin fiber of the sarcomere.
 * The name of the thin fiber is actin
 * The clay is called the Z-line
 * Z-lines are where sarcomeres connect end to end
 * Sarcomeres- shortening unit of contraction in a muscle.
 * The myosin has little arm that crawl inside the actin.
 * In our model, the fuzz of the p_cleaner would crawl down the straws.
 * DRAW A PICTURE OF YOUR MODEL IN A BOX AND LABEL THE PARTS**

1/31/08 #10 Test on Chapter 17

1/30/08 # 8 Page 509. Questions 9 – 19. Answer with a sentence. Examples: 9. The most solid form of bone is compact. 19. Skeletal muscle can be found in the leg.

Assignment # 9 Part 2 (35 minutes) (10pts) Chapter 17 Vocabulary – Two columns

1/29/08 #7 __Page 507 Questions__ Do the following numbers: 20.....page 498 21.....pages 499 and 500 22.....page 486 23.....page 486 25.....page 486 26.....page 498 27.....pages 487 and 493 28.....page 498

1/28/08 #6 __17_3 Skin P. 496__ Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs. The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph. Paragraphs: 1st .....2 facts p.496 2nd .....3 facts 3rd .....3 facts p. 497 4th .....4 facts 5th .....5 facts 6th .....3 facts 7th .....2 facts p. 498 8th .....2 facts 9th .....2 facts 10th .....2 facts 11th .....2 facts p. 499 12th .....none 13th .....3 facts 14th .....2 facts 15th .....2 facts 16th .....2 facts p. 500 17th .....1 fact 18th .....1 fact

1/25/08 5# Finish the first five Questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.

__Muscle Cell Types Activity__ Goal: Create a good looking “Muscle Cells Lab Report.” Use microscopes and pictures to draw each muscle cell type Give the characteristics of each muscle type. Explain where each type of muscle cell is found including examples Terms: voluntary, involuntary, striated, nonstriated, multi-nucleated Procedure 1. Draw some cardiac muscle cells 2. Write their characteristics and explain their location. 3. Draw some smooth muscle cells 4. Write their characteristics and explain their location. 5. Draw some skeletal muscle cells 6. Write their characteristics and explain their location.

Assignment #4 __17_2 Self Check__ p. 495

1/24/08 #3 __17_2 Main Ideas/P.490__ Find the most important ideas or facts in the following paragraphs of section 17_2 starting on page 490. These items should be of the type that you would include in an outline. There are 10 paragraphs in this section and each group of facts should be numbered accordingly. Below is a guide to how many ideas should be found in each paragraph.

Paragraph Numbers: 2nd..... two ideas or facts 3rd..... four ideas or facts 4th ..... six ideas or facts 5th..... six ideas or facts 6th..... four ideas or facts 7th..... four ideas or facts 8th..... four ideas or facts 9th..... two ideas or facts 10th.....four ideas or facts Do the first five questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.

1/23/08 #2 __17_1 The Skeletal System Notes__ P. 484 (Two Column Notes) 1. Bones consist of several different tissues which makes them organs. 2. The hard compounds in bones are not living. 3. The cells in bones are living and need oxygen, energy, nutrients, and the removal of wastes. 4. Five Functions of the Skeletal System Provides Structure Protection of organs Assist muscles in movement Production of blood cells Store calcium and phosphorous 5. Bones can change shape when the attached muscles are used. 6. Bones have bumps and pits to which muscles and ligaments attach. 7. Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through holes in bones 8. Periosteum Tough, attached membrane covering Contains small blood vessels that bring nutrients into the bone. Involved in growth and repair 9. Compact Bone Hard layer under the periosteum Gives bones strength Framework contain calcium and phosphate Contains a network of cells and blood vessels 10. Spongy bone located near the ends of long bones Contains numerous open spaces Gives strength without weight Spaces contain marrow 11. Marrow Yellow marrow consist of fat cells Red marrow cells produce blood cells 12. Cartilage Thick, smooth, and slippery Lacks blood vessels and minerals Near by blood vessels supply nutrients Flexible and acts as shock absorbers Reduces friction between bones Damage causes pain 13. Bone Cells Called osteoblast Deposit calcium and phosphorous Osteoblast build and breakdown the hard part of bones Release calcium and phosphorous into the blood when needed by muscles and nerves

1/22/08 #1 __Figure 2 / Figure 4__ Figure 2 / Page 485 The following terms appear in figure 2. Write the facts found in the reading associated with these word. 1. Bone .......................7. Blood vessels 2. Periosteum ..............8. Spongy bone 3. Cartilage ..................9. Marrow cavity 4. Bone cells ...............10. Artery 5. Compact bone .........11. Vein 6. Haversian system ....12. Nerves

Figure 4 / Page 488 Describe the 5 kinds of joints and how they move. Include comparisons and examples. Joint: a. Description - b. Movement - c. Comparison - d. Example -